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Country DAGRIS
User Manual
List of Missing Traits
Species
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Cattle
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Pig
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Breed
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Species:
Pig
Breed Name/Strain :
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Common Name/Synonym:
Breed Group Name:
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Trait Category:
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Physical
Production
Reproduction
Genetic
Show Description
Available Traits
1.
18 Months Weight (kg)
Live body weight of the animal at the age of 18 months
2.
Adaptability
Adaptability is a broad term to measure the capacity/potential of an animal to survive and thrive in particular environments and stressors. It is often expressed in terms of physiological or genetic adaptation. Physiological adaptability depends upon a norm of reaction yielding a certain adaptedness in the environments which individuals or populations meet. Genetic adaptability occurs by changing the norm of reaction to produce an improved adaptedness in some or all, old or new environments. The latter may refer to heritable alterations to animal characteristics that favour survival of a population in a particular environment. This may involve evolutionary changes over many generations (seleceted by nature) or acquiring specific genetic properties (selection by man) (Hafez, 1968; Rieger et al., 1976).
3.
Adult Body Length (cm)
The horizontal distance (in centimetres) from the point of shoulder to the pin bone (Ayalew, 1992).
4.
Adult Heart Girth (cm)
The circumference of the body (in centimeters) immediately behind the shoulder blades in a vertical plane, perpendicular to the long axis of the body (Ayalew, 1992).
5.
Adult Live Weight (kg)
The fasted live body weight (in kilogrammes) of adult animals (Ayalew, 1992).
6.
Adult Wither Height (cm)
Adult wither height is the height of an adult animal (in centimeters) from the bottom of the front foot to the highest point of the shoulder between the withers. Withers is the top of the shoulders (Bath et al. 1985; Ayalew, 1992).
7.
Age at First Parturition (months)
Age in months at first parturition of a female animal, i.e. the time when the animal gives birth to its first off-spring. It marks the beginning of an animal's productive life and often closely relates to generation interval and, therefore, influences response to selection (Mukasa-Mugerwa, 1989).
8.
Age at sexual maturity (days)
Age at sexual maturity is age of the pullet at first egg. The flock is considered sexually matured if two out of five pullets started egg laying.
9.
Age at Slaughter (days)
Age in days of the animal at slaughter
10.
Albumen index
A percentage proportion of the average height of the albumen by average diameter of the albumen
11.
Albumin (g/100ml)
Albumin is the water soluble, globular protein that is usually identifiable as a single discreet molecule. It is the most prominent of the serum proteins in animals and constitutes between 35 to 50% of the total proteins. It is often described as the only discreet protein species which can be detected by serum protein fractionation and starch-gel-electrophoresis allowing detection of genetic polymorphisms of albumin. It is the most osmotically active plasma protein due to its abundance and small size. By binding to several plasma constituents including hormones it helps solubilise substances in plasma that are otherwise only sparingly soluble and permits their effective transport (Kaneko, 1980).
12.
Average Daily Gain (gm)
The average weight gain in grams per day of an animal for a specific age and period of time.
13.
Birth Weight (kg)
The live body weight in kilograms of an animal measured within 24 hours after birth (if measurement was taken later than this, then the exact age in days should be specified).
14.
Body length (cm)
Length between the tip of the
Rostrum maxillare
(beak) and that of the
Cauda
(tail, without feathers). The bird's body should be completely drawn throughout its length.
15.
Carcass Weight (kg)
Carcass weight is measured on the carcass which remains once the animal has been bled, its head removed at the atlas joint, the forefeet severed at the knee joint between the carpal and metacarpal bones, the hindfeet severed at the hock joint between the tarsal and metatarsals, the body eviscerated, the hide or skin removed and the tail cut off close to the junction of the sacral and caudal vertebrae. Evisceration is the removal of the contents (viscera) of the thoracic (chest) and abdominal cavities, to which must be added the throat (oesophagus), windpipe (trachea) and the external genital organs and mammary glands (udders) (Payne, 1990).
16.
Carcass Weight Sample Description (size)
17.
Carcass Yield (kg)
The weight in kilogram of slaughter yield from an animal after the hide, feather, head, limbs, offals and edible organs were removed.
18.
Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCH) (%)
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) measures the amount by weight of hemoglobin in the average cell. The MCH is calculated by dividing total hemoglobin by the total number of red blood cells as follows: MCH = Haemoglobin (g/L)/RBC (1000000/µl) (Schalm et al., 1975).
19.
Cell Volume (MCV)
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) measures the average volume of individual red blood cells and is calculated as follows: MCV = (PCV X1000)/RBC (1000000/µl) (Schalm et al., 1975).
20.
Circumference of the chest (cm)
Circumference of the chest is taken at the tip of the Pectus (hind breast)
21.
Coat Colour/Pattern
The type/pattern of colour of coat (hair, wool, fur, etc.).
22.
Dressing Percentage (%)
Dressing out percentage is a proportion in per cent of the carcass to the animal's liveweight, specifying whether or not the slaughter weight was fasted, and whether the carcass was hot or cold during measurement (Payne, 1990).
23.
Dry Period (days)
The period in days between the date of drying off (last milking) and the date of comencement of the next lactation of a lactating animal.
24.
Ear Type
The type of attachment the external ear to the head of the animal, in the form of erect, drooping or lop-eared.
25.
Erythroyte Sedimentation Rate
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) measures the distance (in millimeters) that red blood cells settle in unclotted blood toward the bottom of a specially marked test tube in 1 hour (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html).
26.
Fecundity
Lambs/kids/calves born per ewe/doe/cow present per year (Wilson, 1991)
27.
Gene Frequency
Gene frequency is the average frequency of occurence of one particular type of gene (allele) in its allelic series at a genetic locus in a breeding population; it is also expressed as the probability of finding a specific gene under consideration when a gene is randomly chosen from the population. Gene is a particular sequence of nucleotides along a molecule of DNA which represents a functional unit of inheritance, and it is not known to subdivide (Rieger et al., 1976; Bath et al., 1985).
28.
Genotype Frequency
Genotype frequency is the proportion or frequency of any particular genotype among the individuals of a population. Genotype frequencies are a function of gene frequencies. Genotype is the sum total of the genetic information (genes) contained in the linkage structures (chromosomes) of the pro- and eukaryotes, as distinguished from their phenotype. The genotype determines not a unique phenotype, but a range of phenotypic capacities referred to as an individual's "norm of reaction" to the environment (Rieger et al., 1976).
29.
Gestation Length (days)
The period in days of development of an individual between fertilization and birth (Bath et al., 1985).
30.
Globulin (g/100ml)
Globulins are any of a large family of proteins of a spherical or globular shape that are widely distributed throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. Many of them have been prepared in pure crystalline form. The term globulin is a partly procedural one, used in classifying an otherwise diverse group of proteins that are soluble in water or dilute salt solutions. Among the most important are the immunoglobulins (Ig), the antibodies of the immune system. They are classified into five types based upon structure: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. IgG or ã-globulin is the most common and forms about 70% of the immunoglobins in the blood. Other globulins are involved in the transport of a variety of substances, including lipids, hormones, and inorganic ions (http://www.encyclopedia.com/articlesnew/05152.html).
31.
Growth Rate
The average weight gain per day of an animal for a specific age and period of time.
32.
Haematocrit (PCV)(%)
Haematocrit (PCV) is a measure of the percent of red cells to blood volume. This is done by centrifuging blood in a microhaematocrit tube and the proportion of packed red cells (in mm) expressed as percentage of the total volume. Hematocrit is measured by the direct reading of a blood-filled tube that has previously been centrifuged, or it is calculated from the hemoglobin by an electronic cell counting device (Schalm, 1975; http://www.aum.iawf.unibe.ch/HemoSurf/Data_E/Info/PaRB.htm).
33.
Haemoglobin ( g/100ml)
Hemoglobin concentration is the amount of hemoglobin per unit volume of blood. Haemoglobin is the pigment that transports oxygen in the blood. It is in the red blood cells and this is what gives blood its red colour (http://www.antonio21.swinternet.co.uk/haem.htm; http://www.aum.iawf.unibe.ch/HemoSurf/Data_E/Info/PaRB.htm).
34.
Heat Tolerance Index
35.
Heritability (h
2
)
Heritability is the proportion of the total phenotypic variance that is due to additive genetic variability, or more broadly the proportion of the total phenotypic variance for which genetic differences are responsible. It is a measure of the amount of genetic variability for the character under observation (Rieger et al., 1976; Bath et al., 1985).
36.
Hetrozygosity (gene diversity)
The probability of non identity of two randomly chosen genes and is a measure of genetic variation of a population (Nei, 1973) or the probability that two genes randomly drown from population, differ at the ith locus (Lynch and Milligan, 1994)
37.
Lactation Length (days)
The number of days a lactating animal stays under lactation following the particular parturition, in other words the period in days between beginning of milk let down and the commencement of dry period (end of milking or the female dries off).
38.
Litter Size (nos)
Number of lambs (kids) born per ewe (doe) lambing (kidding) (Berger et al., 1989).
39.
Live body weight at 18 weeks of age (g)
Live body weight of the animal at 18 weeks of age
40.
Mortality (%)
Death rate (Baker and Greer, 1980).
41.
Oestrus Cycle Length (days)
The number of days from the start of one oestrus to the start of the next. The day of the start of oestrus is counted as 0 (Esslemont et al., 1985; Berger et al., 1989). The oestrus cyclce comprises all events related to reproduction occurring between two periods of sexual activity (Mukasa-Mugerwa, 1989).
42.
Oestrus Period (hours)
Oestrus period, also known as oestrus duration, in numbers of hours, is the period of sexual receptivity in female animals. In may range from 1.3 to 20 hours in cattle and from 24 to 48 hours in sheep (Bath et al., 1985; Mukasa-Mugerwa, 1989; Berger et al., 1989).
43.
Parturition Interval (days)
The interval, in days, for an individual female from one parturition to the next (Esslemont et al., 1985).
44.
Parturition Percentage (%)
The number of services given to a defined group of cows or heifers or over a specified period which result in a parturition (calving), expressed as a percentage of the total number of services (Esslemont et al., 1985).
45.
Percentage Live Sperm (%)
The proportion in per cent of live sperm out of the total sperm cells counted.
46.
Phenotype Frequency
Phenotype frequency is a measure of the relative occurence of a particular attribute of an animal (its physical characteristics or performance); it is the result of the interaction between the organism's genetic potential and the environment in which it finds itself (Rieger et al., 1976; Bath et al., 1985).
47.
Post-Weaning Growth Rate
The average weight gain in grams per day of an animal for a specific period from weaning, usually between weaning and yearling ages.
48.
Postpartum Period (days)
Postpartum period is the interval in days from calving to the subsequent service of the cow; depending on whether or not the service led to conception, the period is defined in two ways; the first is referred to as Postpartum period 1 or Calving to conception interval and it relates to the interval from calving to the subsequent effective service of a cow. The second is known as Postpartum period 2 or Calving to first service interval, which relates to the number of days from calving to the first subsequent service of a cow (Esslemont et al., 1985).
49.
Pre-Weaning Growth Rate
The average weight gain in grams per day of an animal for the specific period between birth and weaning.
50.
Productivity Index
Productivity index incorporates calf bodyweight at 6, 9 or 12 months and the body weight equivalent of milk produced. As used by Trail and Gregory (1981), measures of reproductive performance, cow and calf viability, milk yield, growth and cow weight are combined to derive the cow productivity index (kg) per cow per year or per 100 kg liveweight of cow of breeding age maintained annually. It is computed as: (cow viability (%) x calving percentage x calf viability (%) x calf weight at 6, 9 or 12 months or at weaning (kg)) + (cow viability (%) x calving percentage x lactation milked-out yield (kg))/9 (Mukasa-Mugerwa, 1989).
51.
Red Blood Cell Count (mm
3
)
It is a measure of the red blood cell (erythrocyte) concentration per cubic mm (micro litre) of blood. The measurement can be done microscopically with a counting chamber or by means of an automated cell counter (http://www.aum.iawf.unibe.ch/HemoSurf/Data_E/Info/PaRB.htm, Oct., 2001).
52.
Resistance Against Disease
It is a relative term specific to a particular disease that refers to the ability of the individual to ward off agents or effects of the disease (Baker and Greer, 1980).
53.
Scrotal Circumference (cm)
The circumference in centimeters of the scrotum at its largest width.
54.
Scrotal Length (cm)
The length of the scrotum in centimeters from the base to the tip of its tail.
55.
Semen Motility
Mass movement of semen in a microscopic field ranked from 0 (least) to 5 (highest) according to the intensity of waves it forms.
56.
Semen Percentage Abnormality (%)
The proportion in per cent of abnormal sperm out of the total sperm cells counted.
57.
Skin Thickness (mm)
The reading from a caliper in millimeters of thickness of pinch of skin.
58.
Slaughter Weight (kg)
Live body weight of the animal at the event of slaughter, with specification of whether or not the animal was fasted or fed before slaughter.
59.
Sperm Concentration
The concentration in billions per microliter of semen of sperm cells of an animal.
60.
Tail Type
Classification of the form and size of the tail of sheep, in the form of fat-tailed, thin-tailed or fat-rumped.
61.
Total Blood Protein (g/100ml)
It is a measure of total blood plasma proteins, including albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, haemoglobin and haemopexin, lipoproteins, immunoglobulins and fibrinogen in grams per 100 ml of blood (Schalm et al., 1975).
62.
Total Milk Yield/Offtake (lts)
The total milk yield in liters obtained from a lactating female during one lactation period.
63.
Viability (%)
Viability implies resistance to any of a very large number of potential causes of death. Among such causes are both "genetic defects" and infections disease.
64.
Weaning Weight (kg)
Live body weight (in kilograms) of the animal at the event of weaning.
65.
Weight at Specific Age (kg)
66.
White Blood Cell Count (mm
3
)
It is a measure of the white blood cell (leucocyte) concentration per cubic mm (micro litre) of blood. The measurement can be done microscopically with a counting chamber or by means of an automated cell counter (http://www.aum.iawf.unibe.ch/HemoSurf/Data_E/Info/PaRB.htm, Oct., 2001).
67.
Yearling Weight (kg)
Live body weight (in kilograms) of the animal at the age of one year (365days).
Show Description
Available Traits
Pig
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